Características de orbitopatía asociada al tiroides y tasa de requerimiento de cirugía / Thyroid-associated orbitopathy characteristics and surgery requirement rate

RESUMO Objetivo: Conheça as características demográficas e clínicas da Órbita Associada da Tiroide (OAT), bem como a taxa de exigência da cirurgia orbital em pacientes do Centro Médico Nacional do Oeste. Métodos. Estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo e retrospetivo realizado analisando os registos de pacientes diagnosticados com OAT tratados num centro de cuidados de terceiro nível de janeiro de 2005 a julho de 2016. Os resultados. Um total de 236 órbitas de 118 pacientes foram avaliados, com uma idade média de 47,3 (13,2 anos, 74,6% eram do sexo feminino e 25,4% masculinos. 4,2% dos doentes foram tratados com hipotiroidismo, 94,1% com hipertireoidismo e 1,7% com goiter tóxico difuso. 44,9% dos doentes estudados com restrição de movimento ocular,10,2% com queratopatia de exposição e 51,7% com hipertensão intraocular. 34,7% dos doentes avaliados no serviço necessitaram de descompressão orbital, 16,1% de cirurgia palpebral e 8,5% de correção do hatrabisma. Na gestão conservadora destes doentes, 48,3% exigiam o uso de lubrificantes tópicos dos olhos, enquanto 52,5% dos pacientes necessitavam do uso de hipotensivos oculares em número variável. As conclusões. A OAT foi associada principalmente ao hipertiroidismo, sendo mais comum em pacientes do sexo feminino entre os 40 e os 59 anos; mais de 50% dos pacientes necessitaram do uso de hipotensivos oculares. Da mesma forma, a gestão cirúrgica foi realizada em mais de 50% dos pacientes, sendo a descompressão orbital a intervenção mais frequente.

ABSTRACT Objective. To know the demographic and clinical characteristics of Thyroid Associated Orbitopathy (TAO), as well as the requirement rate of orbital surgery in patients of the Orbit Service in the National Medical Center of the West, IMSS. Methods. Observational, cross-cutting, descriptive and retrospective study carried out analyzing the records of patients diagnosed with TAO and treated at a third-level care center from January 2005 to July 2016. Results. A total of 236 orbits of 118 patients were valued, with an average age of 47.3 ± 13.2 years, 74.6% were female and 25.4% male. 4.2% of patients were treated with hypothyroidism, 94.1% with hyperthyroidism and 1.7% with diffuse toxic goiter. 44.9% of patients studied had eye movement restriction,10.2% exposure keratopathy and 51.7% intraocular hypertension. 34.7% of patients valued in the service required orbital decompression, 16.1% palpebral surgery and 8.5% strabism correction. In the conservative management of these patients 48.3% required the use of topical eye lubricants, while 52.5% required the use of eye hypotensives in variable numbers. Conclusions. TAO was mainly associated with hyperthyroidism, being more common in female patients between the age of 40 and 59; more than 50% of patients required the use of eye hypotensives. Likewise, surgical management was performed in more than 50% of patients, with orbital decompression being the most frequent intervention.

Bilateral cavernous sinus and left dural sigmoid sinus thrombosis associated with extreme exertion: a case report / Trombose bilateral do seio cavernoso e do seio sigmoide esquerdo associada a exercício extremo: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare but often debilitating and potentially fatal disease. We describe a case of bilateral orbital cellulitis with rapidly progressing cavernous sinus thrombosis and left sigmoidal sinus thrombosis in an immunocompetent 20-year-old military man who had undergone intensive physical training. The patient presented with rapid painful swollen left eye for 2 days. The examination results were gross proptosis with total ophthalmoplegia. He was treated with intravenous antibiotics and corticosteroid. At 1 week, visual acuity improved to 20/20 OU, with a normal intraocular pressure. There was a significant improvement in proptosis. The ocular motility of the right eye was fully restored, with slight residual ophthalmoplegia in the left eye. There was no residual illness or recurrence of illness at 3 months' follow-up.

RESUMO A trombose séptica do seio cavernoso é uma condição rara, mas frequentemente debilitante e potencialmente fatal. Descrevemos um caso de celulite orbital bilateral com progressão rápida para trombose do seio cavernoso e trombose do seio sigmoide esquerdo, em um militar imunocompetente de 20 anos de idade que havia sido submetido a treinamento físico intenso. O paciente apresentou um inchaço rápido e doloroso no olho esquerdo por 2 dias. Os resultados do exame foram proptose macroscópica com oftalmoplegia total. Ele foi tratado com antibióticos intravenosos e costicosteróide. Em 1 semana, a acuidade visual melhorou para 20/20, com pressão intraocular normal. Houve uma melhora significativa na proptose. A motilidade ocular do olho direito foi totalmente restaurada, com leve oftalmoplegia residual no olho esquerdo. Não houve doença residual ou recorrência da doença após três meses de acompanhamento.

Pérdida de agudeza visual progresiva en paciente con proptosis. Caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Progressive visual impairment in a patient with proptosis. Case report and review of the literature.

Introducción: a raíz del siguiente reporte de caso clínico se pretende repensar el diagnóstico diferencial de los tumores orbitales y revisar la literatura existente al respecto. Caso: paciente de 54 años, fumadora, acude a nuestro centro por una pérdida de agudeza visual progresiva de dos años de evolución en el ojo derecho, que se acompañaba de proptosis. Las pruebas de imagen basadas en resonancia magnética y tomografía por emisión de positrones ­ tomografía computarizada (PET-TC) realizadas describían una lesión intraconal derecha de morfología indefinida, que rodeaba el nervio óptico. El estudio inmunohistoquímico y molecular anatomopatológico confirmó la sospecha de síndrome linfoproliferativo extranodal de bajo grado. Discusión: el manejo endoscópico de estas lesiones puede resultar en una menor comorbilidad en comparación con el abordaje externo tradicional. El papel de la cirugía radica en la obtención de una muestra de la lesión que permita un correcto diagnóstico. Conclusiones: el abordaje multidisciplinar con oftalmólogos, hematólogos y expertos en radioterapia permite obtener buenos resultados quirúrgicos y clínicos en la inmensa mayoría de casos.

Introduction: as result of the following clinical case report, we intend to review the differential diagnosis of orbital tumors and review the existing literature in this regard. Case report: a 54-year-old smoking patient, consulted to our department due to a progressive visual impairment over the last two years in her right eye. She presented proptosis in her clinical examination. Imaging studies based on MRI and PET-CT described a right intraconal lesion with an undefined morphology surrounding the optic nerve. Orbital tumors differential diagnosis is delicate. Nevertheless, Non-Hodgkin lymphomas followed by metastasis are the two most common found in this location. The immunohistochemistry and molecular studies, confirmed the suspected diagnosis of extranodal low-grade lymphoproliferative syndrome. Discussion: endoscopic management of these lesions may result in a lower comorbidity compared to traditional external approaches. Role of surgery lays in obtainment of a quality sample which allows a proper diagnosis. Conclusions: multidisciplinary approach with ophthalmologists, hematologists and radiotherapy experts enhance good surgical and clinical results in the vast majority of cases.

Bilateral metastases to the extraocular muscles from small cell lung carcinoma / Metástases bilaterais aos músculos extraoculares de um carcinoma de pequenas células do pulmão

ABSTRACT Bilateral orbital metastases restricted to the extraocular muscles (EOMs) are exceedingly rare. We report a case of bilateral extraocular muscle metastases from a small cell lung carcinoma and provide a review of the relevant literature. A 56-year-old smoker presented with proptosis, motility changes, and a relative afferent pupillary defect of the left eye, with a previous history of a small cell lung carcinoma. An orbital computerized tomography scan revealed a mass restricted to the left medial rectus. An incisional biopsy confirmed metastasis. Visual acuity of the left eye decreased rapidly, and right globe proptosis became evident. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging at two months follow-up showed marked left orbital mass enlargement and a new right lateral rectus mass. The patient was maintained on palliative care and died from metastatic disease-related complications.

RESUMO As metástases orbitárias bilaterais restritas aos mús­culos extraoculares são extremamente raras. Os autores apresentam um caso de metástases bilaterais, localizadas aos musculares extraoculares com base num carcinoma de pequenas células do pulmão e revisão da literatura relevante. Um homem, fumador, de 56 anos recorreu ao serviço de urgência por proptose, alterações de motilidade ocular extrínseca e um defeito pupilar aferente relativo do olho esquerdo, com história pessoal de carcinoma de pequenas células do pulmão. A tomografia computadorizada orbitária revelou uma massa restrita ao reto medial esquerdo. Uma biópsia incisional confirmou o diagnóstico de metástase. A acuidade visual do olho esquerdo diminuiu rapidamente e surgiu uma proptose do globo ocular direito. A ressonância magnética orbitária aos dois meses de seguimento revelou um aumento da massa orbitária esquerda e uma nova massa no reto lateral direito. O paciente foi mantido em cuidados paliativos e faleceu devido a complicações relacionadas com doença metastática.

Técnica endonasal para cirurgia de descompressão orbitária em paciente com exoftalmopatia de Graves / Endonasal technique for orbital decompression surgery in a patient with Graves' exophthalmopathy

Resumo Paciente do sexo feminino, 29 anos, ex-tabagista, diagnosticada em setembro de 2012 com doença de Graves e apresentação rápida de exoftalmia bilateral. Na avaliação oftalmológica, apresentava motilidade preservada, proptose e bolsa de gordura superior em AO com retração de PPSS e PPII e exoftalmetria em OD de 26 mm,e em OE de 24 mm. Em maio de 2014,fez o mapeamento da retina que evidenciou cicatrizes de coriorretinite em ambos os olhos e campimetria computadorizada, apresentando degrau nasal em OD, contração superior, depressão centro-inferior. Em junho de 2016, realizou cirurgia de descompressão orbitária de paredes medial e inferior bilateral por via endoscópica com uso de endoscópio nasal Karl Storz, em 30 graus de óptica. A abordagem cirúrgica da oftalmopatia de Graves deve ser empregada na fase cicatricial exceto nos casos com risco de perda da visão. Antes realizada por acesso externo, atualmente a descompressão orbitária pode ser realizada via endoscópica, com mínima invasividade e permite a remoção da parede inferior e medial sem necessidade de incisões externas. É um procedimento seguro para o tratamento da orbitopatia distireoidiana associada a menor morbidade, no qual se evita lesões ao ducto nasolacrimal, nasofrontal ou ao infraorbital e se possibilita redução da proptose entre 3 a 4 mm. Os benefícios da descompressão estão relacionados com a melhora da acuidade visual, além do resultado estético. A continuidade do tratamento cirúrgico será realizada por meio de correção de retração palpebral seguida de blefaroplastia.

Abstract Female, 29, former smoker, diagnosed in September 2012 with Graves' disease and rapid presentation of bilateral exophthalmos. In the ophthalmologic evaluation, it presented preserved motility, proptosis and upper fat sac in OA with retraction of PPSS and PPII and exophthalmetry in OD of 26 mm, and in OE of 24 mm. In May 2014, he performed the mapping of the retina that showed scars of chorioretinitis in both eyes and computerized campimetry, presenting a nasal step in OD, superior contraction, central-inferior depression. In June 2016, he underwent orbital decompression surgery of the medial and inferior bilateral walls by endoscopic approach using the Karl Storz nasal endoscope at 30 degrees of optics. The surgical approach of Graves' ophthalmopathy should be used in the cicatricial phase except in cases with risk of loss of vision. Before performed by external access, orbital decompression can now be performed endoscopically, with minimal invasiveness and allows the removal of the inferior wall and Without external incisions. It is a safe procedure for the treatment of dysthyroidal orbitopathy, associated with lower morbidity, in which lesions are avoided in the nasolacrimal, nasofrontal, or infraorbital ducts and it is possible to reduce proptosis between 3 and 4 mm. The benefits of decompression are related to Improvement of visual acuity, besides the aesthetic result. The continuation of the surgical treatment will be performed by correction of palpebral retraction followed by blepharoplasty.

Paciente com proptose ocular associado a mucocele etmoidal: apresentação clínica e tratamento / Patient with ocular properties associated with ethmoidal mucocele: clinical presentation and treatment

Resumo Relato de um caso clínico de proptose ocular relacionado com mucocele etmoidal, o caso é raro e seu acometimento ocular não é comumente relacionado na literatura. Ressaltamos ainda sua apresentação clínica e o tratamento instituído. W.L.S, Paciente do sexo masculino, 27 anos procedente de Fortaleza-CE. Comparece ao ambulatório HUWC com queixa de baixa da acuidade visual percebida há 10 dias em olho direito (OD). Ao exame oftalmológico melhor acuidade visual corrigida de 20/200 OD e 20/20 olho esquerdo (OE), ausência de abdução e elevação do OD com ptose leve (distância margem reflexo 1-2 mm) e diplopia ao olhar para direita. Proptose OD de aspecto axial de grau moderado (24mm). Biomicroscopia lâmpada de fenda sem alterações. Pressão intraocular: 18mmHg OD 12 mmHg OE. Fundo de olho: OD aspecto palidez discreta de disco, sem outras alterações e OE dentro da normalidade. Solicitada tomografia de crânio (TC) que demonstrou presença de lesão arredondada em área do seio etmoidal penetrando parede óssea da órbita do OD sugestiva de mucocele etmoidal. Encaminhado para serviço de otorrinolaringologia do HUWC, sendo submetido a procedimento cirúrgico endoscópico etmoidectomia. Um mês após o procedimento cirúrgico a acuidade visual OD 20/25, movimentos oculares presentes e simétricos, ausência de diplopia e persistência de leve palidez em OD. Expansão da mucocele pode ocorrer ao longo de muitos anos ou rapidamente. Acometimento ocular com baixa da acuidade visual é incomum como primeiro sintoma, quando ocorre merece tratamento imediato. O tratamento cirúrgico é geralmente indicado no caso e deve ser instituído assim que possível para adequada recuperação visual.

Abstract Report of a clinical case of ocular proptosis related to ethmoidal mucocele, the case is rare and ocular involvement is not commonly related in the literature. We also emphasize its clinical presentation and the treatment instituted. W.L.S., male, 27 years old from Fortaleza-CE. He presents to the HUWC outpatient clinic complaining of low visual acuity perceived for 10 days in the right eye (OD). The ophthalmologic exam showed a best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 OD and 20/20 left eye (OS), absence of abduction and elevation of OD with light ptosis (distance margin 1 - 2 mm) and diplopia when looking to the right. Proptose OD of moderate aspect axial aspect (24mm). Biomicroscopy slit lamp without changes. Intraocular pressure: 18mmHg OD 12 mmHg OS. Background of eye: OD discrete pallor disk appearance, no other changes and OS within normality. A CT scan was performed that showed presence of a rounded lesion in the ethmoidal sinus area penetrating the bone wall of the OD orbit suggestive of ethmoidal mucocele. Forwarded to the otorhinolaryngology service of the HUWC, being submitted to endoscopic surgical procedure etmoidectomy. One month after the surgical procedure visual acuity of OD 20/25, present and symmetrical ocular movements, absence of diplopia and persistence of mild pallor in OD. Expansion of mucocele may occur over many years or rapidly. Ocular involvement with low visual acuity is uncommon as the first symptom, when it occurs it deserves immediate treatment. Surgical treatment is generally indicated in the case and should be instituted as soon as possible for adequate visual recovery.

Síndrome de Bonnet-Wybur-Mason: dos polos de un espectro / The Bonnet-Wyburn-Mason syndrome: two poles of one spectrum

Se comunican los casos de dos pacientes con síndrome de Bonnet, Wyburn-Mason en quienes existía un aneurisma cirsoide de la retina de diferente grado de desarrollo. En uno, el cuadro oftalmoscópico era obvio; en tanto que en el otro la manisfestación fundamental era una tortuosidad vascular acentuada y en quien solo la angiografía fluoresceínica del fondo ocular mostró sutiles cambios compatibles con una malformación arteriovenosa localizada. Otro elemento inusual en el comportamiento de este tipo de malformaciones fue la asociación a una coartación de la aorta torácica y multiples anomalías esqueléticas sencillas, así como la obstrucción de un segmento muy desarrollado de la malformación arteriovenosa con infarto hemorrágico retiniano e involución posterior de parte de ella

We communicate the cases of two patients with syndrome of Bonnet, Wyburn-Mason who had cirsoide aneurysms of the retina of differnt degrees of development. In one, the ophthalmoscopic picture was obvious, while on the other, The primary manifestation was a marked vascular tortuosity and in which only the ocular fundus fluorescein angiography showed subtle changes consistent with a located arteriovenous malformation. Another unusual element in the behavior of this type of malformations was a coarctation of the thoracic aorta and multiple skeletal anomalies simple associated, as well as the obstruction of a highly developed portion of the retinal arteriovenous malformation with hemorrhagic infarction and consecutive involution of part of it

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Presenting with Hypopigmented Macules.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a complex disease characterized by proliferation of the Langerhans cells. The clinical course is variable and ranges from a solitary lytic bone lesion or skin lesion with complete remission to a multisystem disorder with possible lethal outcome. The diagnosis is suspected by clinical signs and symptoms and radiological features commonly in craniofacial bones and skin lesions. Diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy and immunohistochemical studies. We present case of a 8 year old child presenting with proptosis, diabetes insipidus and hypopigmented macules on chest and back showing bilateral distribution which is a rare presentation. Skin biopsy revealed the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Proptosis and facial palsy as an unusual clinical presentation of acute myeloid leukemia

Simultaneous proptosis and facial palsy as the clinical presentation of childhood Acute Myeloid Leukaemia [AML] is very rare. To date, no case have been reported anywhere to the best of our knowledge. Extra medullary leukemic deposits or Granulocytic Sarcoma [GS] is a rare manifestation in about 3% of childhood AML, 9.3% of GS manifested as orbit deposits causing proptosis in one or both eyes. CNS infiltration or acute otomastoiditis subsequent to leukemic infiltration of the temporal bone may be implicated with facial paralysis. We are here with reporting the case in a 3-year-old boy who presented with proptosis and facial palsy in a case of AML. The purpose of reporting this case is to emphasize the need of examining the peripheral blood and bone marrow in children presenting as proptosis and facial palsy for early diagnosis of childhood AML

Orbital lymphangioma in a child: a diagnostic dilemma / Linfangioma orbitaria en un niño: un diagnóstico dilema

We report a case of significant unilateral left proptosis after a fall in a 10-year old child. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an extraconal hyperintense orbital mass extending into the maxillary sinus which was opacified. After drainage the proptosis resolved. The cause of the acute proptosis was haemorrhage within an orbital lymphangioma.

Se reporta el caso de una proptosis izquierda unilateral significativa en un niño de diez años de edad después de una caída. La tomografía por resonancia magnética mostró una masa orbitaria hiperintensa extracónica que se extendía hasta adentro del seno maxilar, opacificándolo. Después del drenaje, la proptosis se resolvió. La causa de la proptosis aguda fue la hemorragia dentro de un linfangioma orbitario.

Spontaneous globe luxation associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Spontaneous globe luxation is a rarely reported condition which can lead to complications like optic neuropathy. Common causes are thyroid eye disease, shallow orbit and floppy eyelid syndrome. We report a case of spontaneous globe luxation with the onset and severity associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To our knowledge, this is the first case of spontaneous globe luxation associated with COPD.

Complicación del drenaje endoscópico en un paciente con absceso retroorbitario: caso clínico / Complication of an endoscopic drainage on a patient with a retro-orbital abscess: report of a case

La rinosinusitis aguda, puede presentar una serie de complicaciones conocidas, un grupo de ellas son las complicaciones orbitarias. Se presenta la historia de un paciente que consultó por proptosis ocular, siendo diagnosticado un absceso subperióstico retroorbitario secundario a una rinosinusitis aguda. Se trató con técnica endoscópica, evoluciona con un hematoma retroorbitario que tuvo que ser drenado con un abordaje mixto, endoscópico y abierto, con buena evolución. Actualmente las complicaciones orbitarias de la rinosinusitis aguda tienen una baja prevalencia, y así, las complicaciones del drenaje endoscópico son aún menos frecuentes. Se destaca la importancia del conocimiento del manejo tanto endoscópico como abierto.

Among acute rhinosinusitis complications, the ones with orbital involvement are relevant. We present a case report of a patient who presented proptosis and was initially diagnosed with a retro ocular abscess as a complication to an acute rhinosinusitis. The abscess was drained with an endoscopic sinus surgery. On the fourth post-surgery day a retro ocular hematoma was diagnosed. The hematoma was treated with a combined open and endoscopic approach with a favorable outcome. In conclusion, even though orbital complications of rhinosinusitis nowadays have low prevalence, and orbital complications of their endoscopic management are even rarer, it is important for the otorhinolaryngologist to be familiar with their open, endoscopic, or combined surgical treatment.

Meningioma de la vaina del nervio óptico: colaterales optociliares y quiste aracnoideo perióptico / Meningioma of the optic nerve sheath: collateral optociliary veins and the perioptic arachnoidal cyst

En la década sesenta, antes del advenimiento de la tomografía computarizada de las órbitas, los meningiomas de la vaina del nervio óptico eran considerados de rara ocurrencia y su diagnóstico positivo solo era posible en aquellos casos en que por su tamaño producían proptosis ocular, la que conducía a su estirpación quirúrgica. El tumor de crecimiento tubular, comprime el nervio en forma progresiva hasta atrofiarlo por completo. Sus manifestaciones clínicas incluyen la pérdida gradual de la agudeza visual hasta alcanzar la ceguera, edema del nervio óptico y luego atrofia del mismo, y presencia de venas colaterales optociliares. Este complejo signológico se designa como triada de Hoyt-Spencer. Un hecho patológico distintivo de estos tumores objetivado mediante resonancia magnética de órbitas con administración de gadolinio y supresión de grasa, es la presencia de una dilatación quística del espacio subaracnoideo perióptico entre el limite distal del tumor y el polo posterior del ojo. Presentamos el caso de un paciente ilustrativo con demostración histopatológica de las colaterales venosas y del quiste aracnoideo

During the 1970s, before the advent of computerized tomography of orbits, optic nerve sheath meningiomas were considered of rare ocurrence and their positive diagnosis was only posible in those cases in which its size produced ocular proptosis, which led to its surgical removal. Tumor growths in a tubular, compreses progressively the optic nerve and in time produces its atrophic thinning. Clinical manifestation include gradual visual acuity loss until total blindness, optic nerve edema and then optic atrophy, and the presence of collateral optociliary veins. This complex clinical picture is designated as the triad of Hoyt-Spencer. A distinctive fact in these tumors is the presence of a cystic dilatation of the perioptic subarachnoid space between the distal adge of the tumor and the posterior pole, which can be defined using magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits with fat supression following intravenous gadolinium administration. We present the case of a patient with histopatological demostration of the collateral veins and the distal aracnoidal cyst

Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity; the notorious neighbours of orbit

To describe the clinical and neuro-radiological patterns of orbital invasion by the sino-nasal diseases. Descriptive, Retrospective study. 2004 to 2009. We retrospectively reviewed fifty four cases of nasal and paranasal sinus diseases invading the orbit. The medical charts were analyzed. The data considered for the study was age, sex, ocular presentation and associated systemic problems of the patients. The neuro-radiological results were correlated with the clinical picture. The age range was from 6 to 85 years [mean 45.5]. Male to female ratio was 3.5: 1. The initial clinical presentation was Proptosis [66.66%], disturbance of vision [25.9%], ophthalmoplegia [11.11%], diplopia [9.26%] and ptosis [9.26%]. 79.63% patients had inflammatory etiology and 20.4% had neoplastic lesions in the nasal and paranasal sinuses extending into the orbit

Manejo quirúrgico de la orbitopatía de graves / Surgical management in graves' orbitopathy

La enfermedad de Graves corresponde a un síndrome que comprende: bocio hipertiroídeo habitualmente, oftalmopatía asociada a la tiroides y dermatopatía. No se cuenta con estadísticas nacionales, sin embargo la mayoría de los estudios internacionales muestran una frecuencia mayor en la mujer. Desde el punto de vista del manejo quirúrgico de esta enfermedad, éste se basa en tres etapas fundamentales: descompresión orbitaria, cirugía de los músculos extraoculares y finalmente la cirugía de reposicionamiento palpebral, no todos los pacientes requieren estos tres tipos de tratamiento, pero en caso de necesitarlos esta debe ser la secuencia. La indicación quirúrgica dependerá de la fase en que se encuentre el paciente, idealmente deberá realizarse en la fase de inactividad de la enfermedad caracterizada por la ausencia de signología inflamatoria periocular. Este artículo está destinado a mostrar las alternativas quirúrgicas en el tratamiento de las complicaciones oculares de la Orbitopatía de Graves orientado principalmente hacia el exoftálmo y la patología palpebral

Graves' disease is a syndrome comprising usually hyperthyroid goiter, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and dermopathy. We do not have national statistics, however International studies show a grater frequency in females. Surgical management is based in three stages: orbital decompression, eye muscle surgery and finally eyelid repositioning, not every patient needs all of these surgical treatments, but in case they do need them this must be the sequence. Surgical indication will depend on the phase of the disease; ideally it will be performed in the phase of inactivity of the disease, which is characterized by the absence of periocular inflammatory signs. This article describes the surgical alternatives in the treatment of the ocular complications in the Graves' orbitopathy, oriented mainly towards exophthalmos and palpebral disease

Linfangioma orbitário: relato de caso / Orbital lymphangioma: case report

Descrevemos um caso de linfangioma orbitário em uma paciente de nove anos de idade que apresentava proptose à direita (Hertel= 29 mm), acompanhada de restrição da motilidade ocular, dor e perda visual decorrente de neuropatia óptica compressiva. A ressonância magnética demonstrou a lesão expansiva, localizada na órbita direita, de aspecto cístico, não infiltrativa, extraconal e com sinais sugestivos de hemorragia intralesional. Não houve melhora com corticoterapia oral. Foi, então, realizada punção via transconjuntival, com aspiração de 35 ml delíquido "cor-de-chocolate" (confirmado como hemorrágico pela citologia). Ocorreram exacerbações do quadro clínico, manifestadas por dor e piora da proptose, devido à hemorragia intralesional, optando-sepela exérese dos cistos orbitários, usando o acesso orbitário lateral (cantólise e retirada de parede orbitária lateral, a qual não foi recolocada para efeito de descompressão) e inferior (transconjuntival inferior), com resolução do quadro. CONCLUSÃO: Foi relatado um caso de linfangioma, uma doença desafiadora, de difícil tratamento, com potenciais complicações visuais e estéticas, além da possibilidade de recidivas frequentes.

A case of orbital lymphangioma in a 9 year-old female, with proptosis (Hertel= 29 mm), ocular motility restriction, pain and visual loss due to compressive optic neuropathy is described. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam showed an expansive cystic lesion in the extraconal space of the right orbit, non-infiltrating with intralesional hemorrhage. The patient had no improvement with steroid treatment. A transconjunctival puncture with 35 ml aspiration of a "chocolate color" fluid (which was confirmed by cytologic study as a hemorrhagic fluid) was performed. Exacerbations occurred after an intralesional hemorrhage (pain and increase of proptosis). The lesion was excised via lateral cutaneous approach (a lateral canthotomy and removal of the right orbital wall was performed done for decompression) and lower transconjunctival approach. CONCLUSION: Lynphangioma is a challenging disease and difficult to treat, with potential visual and cosmetic complications and the possibility of frequent recurrences.

Ocular disorders in adult leukemia patients in Nigeria

Leukemias may present with, or be associated with ocular disorders. To determine the rates of ophthalmic disorders in adult patients with leukemia. A prospective study of ocular disorders in adult patients with leukemia at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, between July 2004 and June 2008 was conducted. The patients were interviewed and examined by the authors and the ocular findings were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Instat GraphPad [TM] v2.05a statistical package software. The means, standard deviation, and the Kruskal-Wallis non parametric test were performed. Forty-seven patients with leukemias were seen. Nineteen patients [40.4%] had CLL, 14[29.8%] had CML, 9[19.1%] had AML and 5 [10.6%] had ALL. Seven patients [14.9%] had ocular disorders due to leukemia. The ocular disorders due to the leukemia were proptosis in two patients [4.3%], retinopathy in one patient [2.1%], conjunctival infiltration in one patient [2.1%], periorbital edema in one patient [2.1%], retinal detachment in one patient [2.1%], and subconjunctival hemorrhage in one patient [2.1%]. There was no significant difference in rate of the ocular disorders in the various types of leukemia [Kruskal-Wallis KW= 4.019; corrected for ties. P=0.2595]. One patient [2.1%] was blind from bilateral exudative retinal detachment while 1 patient [2.1%] had monocular blindness from mature cataract. Ophthalmic disorders that are potentially blinding occur in leukemias. Ophthalmic evaluation is needed in these patients for early identification and treatment of blinding conditions